A Review on Avocado Seed: Functionality, Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties
Chemical Science International Journal,
Page 1-10
DOI:
10.9734/CSJI/2019/v27i230112
Abstract
The seed of avocado is considered as one of the non-edible part of the fruit, which are usually discarded as residues and can cause ecological problems. Exploring the possible dietary and therapeutic potentials of especially such underutilized wastes will in addition reduce the possible environmental waste burden. The objectives of this review article is to alert the functionality, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of avocado seed for its use as food and justification for its medicinal use. The composition like proximate (protein, fat, ash, moisture, fiber and carbohydreate), minerals (Ca, Zn, K, Na, P, Fe, Cu, Pb and Co), phytochemicals (Flavinoid, Tanine, Saponine, Total phenolics, Antioxidnt capacity, Oxalates, Phytates, Alkaloids) and Vitamins (A, B1, B2, B3, C and E) were reported to be present in the avocado seed in different proportions. Some poisonous phytochemicals are present in fresh seeds of avocado and not in the dry seeds, hence recommended to dry the seeds before processing for consumption. Its biological activities such as antioxidant, antihypertensive, fungicidal, larvicidal, hypolipidemic, amoebicidal and giardicidal activities had reported. Therefore, it can be concluded that, the avocado seed is nutritionally valuable as the other parts of the plant based on the phytochemical and nutrients it constitutes. The consumption of avocado seed is recommendable since it has high nutritional contents that make it enough for possible dietary and ethno-medicinal use.
Keywords:
- Percea Americana
- Composition
- antioxidant
- antimicrobial
- Disease
How to Cite
Bahru, T., Tadele, Z., & Ajebe, E. (2019). A Review on Avocado Seed: Functionality, Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties. Chemical Science International Journal, 27(2), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.9734/CSJI/2019/v27i230112
References
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Orhevba BA, Jinadu AO. Determination of physico-chemical properties and nutritional contents of avocado pear (Persea americana M.). Academic Research International. 2011;1(3):372-380.
Ozolua RI, Anaka ON, Okpo SO, Idogun SE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(4):573–578.
Maitera ON, Osemeahon SA, Barnabas HL. Proximate and elemental analysis of avocado fruit obtained from Taraba state, Nigeria., Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2014;2(2):67-73.
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;52(6):48-504.
Pennington JAT, Fisher RA. Classification of fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009;22:23-31.
Ramos MR, Jerz G, Villanueva S, Lopez-Dellamary F, Waibe R, Winterhalter P. Two glucosylated abscisic acid derivates from avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae cv. Hass). Phytochemistry. 2004;65:955-962.
Egbuonu AC, Opara IC, Onyeabo C, Uchenna NO. Proximate, functional, antinutrient and antimicrobial properties of avocado pear (Persea americana) Seeds. J Nutr Health Food Eng. 2018;8(1):00260.
DOI: 10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00260
Vinha AF, Barreira SV, Castro A, Costa A, Oliveira MB. Influence of the storage conditions on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and microbial flora of different tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;5(2):118-128.
Mensah JK, Golomeke D. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Current Science Perspectives. 2015;1:69-76.
Noorul H, Nesar A, Zafar K, Khalid M, Zeeshan A, Vartika S. Health benefits and pharmacology of Persea americana mill. (Avocado). Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016;5(2):132-141.
Asaolu MF, Asaolu SS, Oyeyemi AO, Aluko BT. Hypolipemic effects of methanolic extract of Persea americana seeds in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Med Sci. 2010;1(14):126–128.
Omolara OO, Friday ON, Chinelo MO. Comparative study of the constituents of the fruits pulps and seeds of Canarium ovatum, Persea americana and Dacryodes edulis. Jordan Journal of Chemistry. 2017;12(2):113-125.
Adeyemi OO, Okpo SO, Ogunti OO. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia. 2002;73(5):375-380.
Oluwole S, Yusuf K, Fajana O, Olaniyan D. Qualitative studies on proximate analysis and characterization of oil from Persea americana (Avocado Pear). Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2013;3(2):68-73.
Anaka ON, Ozolua RI, Okpo SO. Effects of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana mil (Lauraceae) on the blood pressure of Sprague dawley rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009;3(10):485-490.
Wangensteen H, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander. Food Chem. 2004; 88:293.
Ifesan BO, Olorunsola BO, Ifesan BT. Nutritional composition and acceptability of candy from avocado seed (Persea americana). International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research. 2015;3(6):2319-1473.
Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MKC, Agomuo EN, Adindu E. Chemical composition of Persea americana leaf, fruit and seed. IJRRAS. 2012;11(2).
Macey A, Mahawan M, Francia N, Tenorio Jaycel, Gomez A, Rosenda A. Bronce. characterization of flour from avocado seed kernel. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2015;3(4):34-40.
[ISSN 2350-7756 E-ISSN 2350-8442]
Available:www.apjmr.com
Anthony CE, Chinazum O, Okechukwu CA, Uchendu OM. Vitamins composition and antioxidant properties in normal and monosodium glutamate-compromised rats’ serum of Persea americana (Avocado Pear) seed. Open Access Journal of Chemistry. 2017;1(1):19-24.
Kahn V. Characterization of starch isolated from avocado seeds. Journal of Food Science. 1987;52(6):1646– 1648.
Maryam Anwar K, Santosa. Utilization starch of avocado seed as a raw material for dextrin. Journal of Food Science and Engineering. 2016;6:32-37.
DOI: 10.17265/2159-5828/2016.01.005
Abebe Reda W, Yenework Nigussie A, Yeshitila Asteraye T. Bioethanol production from avocado seed wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research. 2015;3(1):1-9.
[ISSN: 2329 - 860X (Online)]
Available:www.ajeepr.com
Talabi JY, Olukemi A, Osukoya OO, Ajayi, Adegoke GO. Nutritional and antinutritional compositions of processed Avocado seeds. Asian J. Plant Sci. Res. 2016;6(2):6-12.
Chaudhary P, Khamar J, Sen DJ. Avocado: The holistic source as a natural doctor. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research JIF Impact Factor 5.990. 2015;4(8):748-761.
[Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105]
Henry LN, Mtaita UY, Kimaro CC. Nutritional efficacy of avocado seeds. Global Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;3(5):192-196.
[ISSN: 2408-5472]
Olaeta JA, Schwartz M, Undurraga P, Contreras S. Use of Hass avocado (Persea americana mill.) seed as a processed. Viña Del Mar, Chile; 2007.
[ISBN no 978-956-17-0413-8]
Olivia TC, et al. Development of a bacterial culture medium from avocado seed waste. Peer J Preprints; 2016.
Available:https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2104v1 | CC-BY 4.0
María EP, Alicia OM, Germán CC, María DH, Leticia GS, Hugo NM, Marcela HO. Hypolipidemic effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill) seed in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67:10–16.
DOI: 10.1007/s11130-012-0280-6
Cardoso PF, et al. Antibacterial activity of avocado extracts (Persea americana Mill.) against Streptococcus agalactiae/. FYTON. 2016;85:218-224.
[ISSN 0031 9457]
Usha V, Suriyavathana M. Open Access Journal of Acute Med. 2012;2(2):36-42.
Lahav E, Whiley AW. Irrigation and mineral nutrition. In: The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Oxon, UK. 2002;259-297.
Adaramola B, Onigbinde A, Shokunbi O. Physiochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Persea americana seed oil. Chemistry International. 2016;2(3):168-175.
Dreher ML, et al. Hass avocado composition and potential health effects critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2013;53:738–750.
Dennis CN, Wulandari S. Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of the avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) as an alternative root canal Irrigants against Porphyromonas Gingivalis (In vitro). IJADS. 2017;3(1):89-93.
[ISSN Print: 2394-7489]
[ISSN Online: 2394-7497]
Ruth EK, Junie S, Joko S. Cytotoxic activity of avicado seeds extract on T47D cell lines. Int. Ress. J. Pharm. 2014;5(7):557 – 559.
Available:http://dx.doi.org./10.7897/2230-8407.0507113
Umar AZ, Umar AU, Sabiu MD, Abdullahi S. Comparative hepatotoxic effects of aqueous and phenolic extracts of avocado (Persea americana) seed in wistar albino rats. JBCRR. 2016;10(4):1-6.
[Article no.IJBCRR.23196]
Neboh EE, Ufelle SA, Anele TI. Effect of methanolic seed extract of (Avocado pear) on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in mice Persea americana. An Official Publication of Enugu State University of Science and Technology; 2016.
[ISSN: 2315 – 9650]
Ozolua RI, Anaka ON, Okpo SO, Idogun SE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(4):573–578.
Adesina JM, Jose AR, Rajashekar Y, Ileke KD. Persea americana (Mill.) seed extracts: Potential herbal larvicide control measure against Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 (Diptera: Culicidae) Malaria vector. 2016;3(2):14-17.
[ISSN: 2348-5906 CODEN: IJMRK]
Daihan S, Aldbass AM, Alotebi LM, Bhat RS. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of whole seed extracts of Persea americana Mill. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2016;4(4):15-18.
Kristanti CD, Simanjuntak FP, Dewi KP, Tianri SV, Hendra P. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of avocado seed (Persea americana mill.) Journal farms saints Dan Communities. 2017;4(2):104-111.
[p-ISSN: 1693-5683]
[e-ISSN: 2527-7146]
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.142858
Temitope OO, Akinola MO, Aladejana OM, Ogunlade AO. Efficacy of essential oils from Persea americana stem bark and seed extracts. J Appl Microbiol Biochem. 2017;1:3-12.
Akujobi C, Anyanuwa B, Onyezie G, Ibekwe V. Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of four medicinal plant. J of Appl Sci; 2004.
George ET, William CE. Pharmacognosy (12th edn.). Bailliere Tindall; 1985.
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;52(6):48-504.
Hugo WB, Russel AD, Brown SS. Pharmaceutical microbiology. Black Well Scientific Publications, US; 2016.
Kumar A, Samarth RM, Yasmeen S, Sharma A, Sugahara T. Anticancer and radio-protective potentials of Mentha piperita. Biofactors. 2004;22:87-91.
Olonisakin A. Comparative study of essential oil composition of seed and stem bark of avocado essential life. J of Scie. 2014;16:2.
Parekh J, Chanda SV. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of 34 Indian medicinal plants against some Staphylococcus species. Turk J Biol. 2008;32:63-71.
Wangensteen H, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander. Food Chem. 2004;88:293.
Orhevba BA, Jinadu AO. Determination of physico-chemical properties and nutritional contents of avocado pear (Persea americana M.). Academic Research International. 2011;1(3):372-380.
Ozolua RI, Anaka ON, Okpo SO, Idogun SE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(4):573–578.
Maitera ON, Osemeahon SA, Barnabas HL. Proximate and elemental analysis of avocado fruit obtained from Taraba state, Nigeria., Ind. J. Sci. Res. and Tech. 2014;2(2):67-73.
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;52(6):48-504.
Pennington JAT, Fisher RA. Classification of fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2009;22:23-31.
Ramos MR, Jerz G, Villanueva S, Lopez-Dellamary F, Waibe R, Winterhalter P. Two glucosylated abscisic acid derivates from avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae cv. Hass). Phytochemistry. 2004;65:955-962.
Egbuonu AC, Opara IC, Onyeabo C, Uchenna NO. Proximate, functional, antinutrient and antimicrobial properties of avocado pear (Persea americana) Seeds. J Nutr Health Food Eng. 2018;8(1):00260.
DOI: 10.15406/jnhfe.2018.08.00260
Vinha AF, Barreira SV, Castro A, Costa A, Oliveira MB. Influence of the storage conditions on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity and microbial flora of different tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science. 2013;5(2):118-128.
Mensah JK, Golomeke D. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of the calyx of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn. Current Science Perspectives. 2015;1:69-76.
Noorul H, Nesar A, Zafar K, Khalid M, Zeeshan A, Vartika S. Health benefits and pharmacology of Persea americana mill. (Avocado). Int. J. of Res. in Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics. 2016;5(2):132-141.
Asaolu MF, Asaolu SS, Oyeyemi AO, Aluko BT. Hypolipemic effects of methanolic extract of Persea americana seeds in hypercholesterolemic rats. J Med Sci. 2010;1(14):126–128.
Omolara OO, Friday ON, Chinelo MO. Comparative study of the constituents of the fruits pulps and seeds of Canarium ovatum, Persea americana and Dacryodes edulis. Jordan Journal of Chemistry. 2017;12(2):113-125.
Adeyemi OO, Okpo SO, Ogunti OO. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of leaves of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae). Fitoterapia. 2002;73(5):375-380.
Oluwole S, Yusuf K, Fajana O, Olaniyan D. Qualitative studies on proximate analysis and characterization of oil from Persea americana (Avocado Pear). Journal of Natural Sciences Research. 2013;3(2):68-73.
Anaka ON, Ozolua RI, Okpo SO. Effects of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana mil (Lauraceae) on the blood pressure of Sprague dawley rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2009;3(10):485-490.
Wangensteen H, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander. Food Chem. 2004; 88:293.
Ifesan BO, Olorunsola BO, Ifesan BT. Nutritional composition and acceptability of candy from avocado seed (Persea americana). International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research. 2015;3(6):2319-1473.
Arukwe U, Amadi BA, Duru MKC, Agomuo EN, Adindu E. Chemical composition of Persea americana leaf, fruit and seed. IJRRAS. 2012;11(2).
Macey A, Mahawan M, Francia N, Tenorio Jaycel, Gomez A, Rosenda A. Bronce. characterization of flour from avocado seed kernel. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2015;3(4):34-40.
[ISSN 2350-7756 E-ISSN 2350-8442]
Available:www.apjmr.com
Anthony CE, Chinazum O, Okechukwu CA, Uchendu OM. Vitamins composition and antioxidant properties in normal and monosodium glutamate-compromised rats’ serum of Persea americana (Avocado Pear) seed. Open Access Journal of Chemistry. 2017;1(1):19-24.
Kahn V. Characterization of starch isolated from avocado seeds. Journal of Food Science. 1987;52(6):1646– 1648.
Maryam Anwar K, Santosa. Utilization starch of avocado seed as a raw material for dextrin. Journal of Food Science and Engineering. 2016;6:32-37.
DOI: 10.17265/2159-5828/2016.01.005
Abebe Reda W, Yenework Nigussie A, Yeshitila Asteraye T. Bioethanol production from avocado seed wastes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. American Journal of Environment, Energy and Power Research. 2015;3(1):1-9.
[ISSN: 2329 - 860X (Online)]
Available:www.ajeepr.com
Talabi JY, Olukemi A, Osukoya OO, Ajayi, Adegoke GO. Nutritional and antinutritional compositions of processed Avocado seeds. Asian J. Plant Sci. Res. 2016;6(2):6-12.
Chaudhary P, Khamar J, Sen DJ. Avocado: The holistic source as a natural doctor. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research JIF Impact Factor 5.990. 2015;4(8):748-761.
[Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105]
Henry LN, Mtaita UY, Kimaro CC. Nutritional efficacy of avocado seeds. Global Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;3(5):192-196.
[ISSN: 2408-5472]
Olaeta JA, Schwartz M, Undurraga P, Contreras S. Use of Hass avocado (Persea americana mill.) seed as a processed. Viña Del Mar, Chile; 2007.
[ISBN no 978-956-17-0413-8]
Olivia TC, et al. Development of a bacterial culture medium from avocado seed waste. Peer J Preprints; 2016.
Available:https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2104v1 | CC-BY 4.0
María EP, Alicia OM, Germán CC, María DH, Leticia GS, Hugo NM, Marcela HO. Hypolipidemic effect of avocado (Persea americana Mill) seed in a hypercholesterolemic mouse model. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67:10–16.
DOI: 10.1007/s11130-012-0280-6
Cardoso PF, et al. Antibacterial activity of avocado extracts (Persea americana Mill.) against Streptococcus agalactiae/. FYTON. 2016;85:218-224.
[ISSN 0031 9457]
Usha V, Suriyavathana M. Open Access Journal of Acute Med. 2012;2(2):36-42.
Lahav E, Whiley AW. Irrigation and mineral nutrition. In: The Avocado: Botany, Production and Uses. CAB International, Oxon, UK. 2002;259-297.
Adaramola B, Onigbinde A, Shokunbi O. Physiochemical properties and antioxidant potential of Persea americana seed oil. Chemistry International. 2016;2(3):168-175.
Dreher ML, et al. Hass avocado composition and potential health effects critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2013;53:738–750.
Dennis CN, Wulandari S. Antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of the avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) as an alternative root canal Irrigants against Porphyromonas Gingivalis (In vitro). IJADS. 2017;3(1):89-93.
[ISSN Print: 2394-7489]
[ISSN Online: 2394-7497]
Ruth EK, Junie S, Joko S. Cytotoxic activity of avicado seeds extract on T47D cell lines. Int. Ress. J. Pharm. 2014;5(7):557 – 559.
Available:http://dx.doi.org./10.7897/2230-8407.0507113
Umar AZ, Umar AU, Sabiu MD, Abdullahi S. Comparative hepatotoxic effects of aqueous and phenolic extracts of avocado (Persea americana) seed in wistar albino rats. JBCRR. 2016;10(4):1-6.
[Article no.IJBCRR.23196]
Neboh EE, Ufelle SA, Anele TI. Effect of methanolic seed extract of (Avocado pear) on prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in mice Persea americana. An Official Publication of Enugu State University of Science and Technology; 2016.
[ISSN: 2315 – 9650]
Ozolua RI, Anaka ON, Okpo SO, Idogun SE. Acute and sub-acute toxicological assessment of the aqueous seed extract of Persea americana Mill (Lauraceae) in rats. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2009;6(4):573–578.
Adesina JM, Jose AR, Rajashekar Y, Ileke KD. Persea americana (Mill.) seed extracts: Potential herbal larvicide control measure against Anopheles gambiae Giles, 1902 (Diptera: Culicidae) Malaria vector. 2016;3(2):14-17.
[ISSN: 2348-5906 CODEN: IJMRK]
Daihan S, Aldbass AM, Alotebi LM, Bhat RS. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of whole seed extracts of Persea americana Mill. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res. 2016;4(4):15-18.
Kristanti CD, Simanjuntak FP, Dewi KP, Tianri SV, Hendra P. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of avocado seed (Persea americana mill.) Journal farms saints Dan Communities. 2017;4(2):104-111.
[p-ISSN: 1693-5683]
[e-ISSN: 2527-7146]
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/jpsc.142858
Temitope OO, Akinola MO, Aladejana OM, Ogunlade AO. Efficacy of essential oils from Persea americana stem bark and seed extracts. J Appl Microbiol Biochem. 2017;1:3-12.
Akujobi C, Anyanuwa B, Onyezie G, Ibekwe V. Antibacterial activities and preliminary phytochemical screening of four medicinal plant. J of Appl Sci; 2004.
George ET, William CE. Pharmacognosy (12th edn.). Bailliere Tindall; 1985.
Harborne JB, Williams CA. Advances in flavonoid research since 1992. Phytochemistry. 2000;52(6):48-504.
Hugo WB, Russel AD, Brown SS. Pharmaceutical microbiology. Black Well Scientific Publications, US; 2016.
Kumar A, Samarth RM, Yasmeen S, Sharma A, Sugahara T. Anticancer and radio-protective potentials of Mentha piperita. Biofactors. 2004;22:87-91.
Olonisakin A. Comparative study of essential oil composition of seed and stem bark of avocado essential life. J of Scie. 2014;16:2.
Parekh J, Chanda SV. Antibacterial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of 34 Indian medicinal plants against some Staphylococcus species. Turk J Biol. 2008;32:63-71.
Wangensteen H, Samuelsen AB, Malterud KE. Antioxidant activity in extracts from coriander. Food Chem. 2004;88:293.
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